Child Development Theories Natural vs Social Process

Child Development Theories Natural vs Social ProcessTo what extent has puerility been estimateed as a well-disposed and cultural serve well rather than a lifelike process? Illustrate your discussion with reference to Book 1, Chapter 1, Children and using.Childhood is such a fundamental and integral part of humanity that on starting line considerations, we may take it for granted as an altogether natural process. The biological journey of developing is a universal sh ared experience. Yet even if childhood is recognised only in these hold biological terms, it is still influenced by social positionors i.e. the wellness and life choices of the mother during pregnancy. In the civilised world, there are very few who would be prepared to argue that childhood should be viewed as an entirely natural process. Contemporary incremental theorists recognise the child as an active agent whom is developing both physic in in ally and psychologically the individual experience of childh ood is dependent upon how they interact with their environment and how that society understands their specific nature and needs. The attitudes to children and views of childhood vary dramatically between different periods in history and different cultures, and are also actively evolving within our own culture therefore it is, currently, more accurate to view childhood as a social and cultural process rather than a natural oneThe immaturity of children is a biological fact further the ways in which that immaturity is understood is a fact of culture.childhood is .constructed and reconstructed both for and by children (James and Prout, 1997, p.15)Woodhead (2005) illustrates that historically, throughout Western culture, childhood has been viewed as both a natural process and as a social and cultural process. It has also been viewed as an interactive process between the two. These changeable and evolving attitudes confirm James and Prouts assertion that childhood is constructed and rec onstructed. By analyze and contrasting the origins of the four main Psychological perspectives of Child Development and acknowledging their legacies to modern day practices, I intend to conclude that childhood has probably been viewed to a great extent as a social and cultural process than it has a natural process.It has been proposed that childhood is in itself a recent invention. Philippe Aries (1962) is chiefly true with underlining the socially constructed character of childhood. He studied the history of literature and paintings and concluded that in mediaeval eons childhood didnt exist. Obviously younger members of the species existed but they were not granted any special or distinctive status. Once weaned, they were thrust into adult society. Aries claimed that the awareness of childrens distinctive nature did not emerge until the end of the fifteenth century. This dope de illustrated in the emergence and gradual rise of schooling and paediatrics.Aries has been criticise d for making general conclusions which rely on limited sources. The largest group of children would turn out been the poor, and they would not get under ones skin been represented. However the broad framework of his argument (the socially constructed nature of childhood) is the foundation of subsequent studiesThe idea of childhood essential be seen as a particular cultural phrasing of the early part of the life course, historically and politically contingent and subject to change. (James and James, 2001) there are four main perspectives of child development. These theories stem from three opposing philosophies which attempt to define the essential nature of humanity as embodied in the newborn child. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) believed children to be inherently impish. He believed that development should be shaped by control and discipline. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) believed children to be inherently innocent his supporters advocate that development is shaped by following childrens natural stages. The theories of Hobbes and Rousseau are classified as nativist theories advanceing that childhood is a natural process. John Locke (1632-1704) didnt view children as either inherently sinful or innocent, but rather a tabua rasa (blank slate) to be written on by experience those influenced by him maintain the chief factor of development is experience. Lockes Theory is classified as empiricist advocating that childhood is a social and cultural process. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) believed children to be born with mental structures specifically designed to interpret information from the environment the essence of development being interaction. Kant sets the tone for the transactional models of development not viewing childhood as exclusively a natural or exclusively a social process, but a combination of the two.Thomas Hobbes believed that all human beings were born with original sin, therefore all children were born evil and had to be saved. The prime factors of development were control and discipline. He was an important influence to the formation of the Methodist church. The theory that children were inherently sinful was very desirable and easily identifiable from an Armenian perspective people believed that children learned obedience to God through obedience to their parents. Childhood was a time of strict parenting and harsh disciplineSevere beatings of children in the name of discipline were common occurrences. Heaven was manytimes described to children in Sunday school as a place where children are never beaten. (Newman and Smith, 1999)This view was apparent in the early nineteenth century in Hannah Mores evangelistic writings on child rearing. She too argued that it was a fundamental error to view children as inherently innocent and it should be down to society to keep down their evil dispositions. The omnipresence of God and Satan in every persons life was an unchallenged premiseThe hard line view of infants as limbs of Satan persisted throughout the ordinal century. (Ezell, M.J.M, 1984)This harsh and unsentimental view of children was not just religiously, but also demographically and economically motivated. Infant mortalities were extremely noble between twenty and fifty percent of babies died within their first year. Many parents referred to their child as it until they reached an age when survival was probable. Although it is problematic to speculate, it seems plausible that parents were consciously disconnect from their children as a coping mechanism, should they not survive into adulthood.Although Hobbes advocated a nativist perspective on the essential nature of children, the religious attitudes which he and his contemporaries would have taken for granted as truth are now dormant in the majority of Western societies (apart from some remaining puritan cultures). Any who did make out the popular religious view would not have been recorded. This validates James and Prouts assertion that childhood is constructed and reconstructed. Hobbesian views of childhood did not unfold naturally, but were constructed through social discourse.Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed the exact opposite to Hobbes that children are not inherently sinful, but are inherently innocent, and would develop naturally in positive ways if allowed to do so. He referred to children as noble savages, this romantic notion supposes that all humanity is born pure and good until corrupted by civilisation. The environment does not have a positive, but has a negative affect on developmentEverything is good in leaving the hands of the Creator of Things everything degenerates at the hands of man. (Rousseau, 1762)During the eighteenth century, views of childhood began to change children were seen as innocent and in need of protection, (not un akin the way we see them today) consequently though, they were also viewed as weak and susceptible to temptation. on with the notion of protection came the notion of discipline, as parents taught their children to avoid the enticements of their social world. Until the late 1800s, child labour was commonly practiced and accepted. It is reported that up to half of all workers in northern factories were children under the age of eleven. Children worked as long and as hard as adults. Because of their small size, they were sometimes given difficult and hazardous jobs, like cleaning out the insides of narrow factory chimneys. In poor urban families, parents often forced their children to engage in scavenging and street peddling. Rousseaus observations were not move given that the desire to protect children was coupled with their seemingly inevitable exploitation. Although chiefly belonging to the realms of Romanticism, Rousseaus theory did have practical psychological applications. He is attributed with presenting the first truly developmental account of childhood, through his emphasis on maturation and stages of development. His book Emile (On Education)(1762) su ggests children should be allowed an Age of Nature covering the period from birth to 12 years. This should be a time in which children be allowed to play and have their natural innocence respected. It is Rousseaus emphasis in allowing the child to indulge their natural stages of development which is his legacy to child development. Fredrich Froebel (1782-1852) the pioneer of the kindergarten movement and designer of toy building blocks shared Rousseaus visionThe child, the boy, man indeed should know no other endeavour but to be at every stage of development wholly what this stage calls for (Froebel 1885).The idea of natural stages of development sets the tone for present-day(a) teaching templates by setting guidelines for what is considered developmentally appropriate practice, especially the balance of play and teaching within early years education.Although Rousseaus legacy can be illustrated in modern day views of childhood, it is his practical advice about nurturing the Child s natural development, and not his nativist perspective which persists.John Lockes theory contrasts both Hobbes and Rousseaus. He didnt believe that children were born inherently evil or innocent, but rather a blank slate. He saw the character of childhood as extremely malleable experience being the sole factor of development. He recommended parents as tutors, responsible for providing the right environment and offering moral guidance in which to shape and nurture their children into mature, rational adults. Locke was the pioneer of the Educationalist movement. His essay, Some thoughts concerning education (1693)asserts that a Childs mind must be educated before he is instructed. Although some of his critics accused Locke of despiritulising childhood, his theory permeated throughout societyThe root of all corruption is poor Education (Osborne capital of the United Kingdom Journal, 1732.)Lockes theories echo contemporary debates concerning modern family values. The infamous Back to B asics conservative campaign of the early 1990s suggested that a breakdown in traditional family values was responsible for a degenerating Britain. In may 2002, Patricia Amos was jailed for sixty days because of her daughters persistent truancy. Most recently, in response to a spate of teenage shootings in East London in February 2007, leader of the opposition David Cameron controversially proposed that absent fathers are responsible for an emerging class of feral children. These attitudes dont come upon that children are supine receivers of their environment as Locke believed, but do demonstrate the huge onus of social responsibility he proposed.Immanuel Kant viewed the key influence on development to be interaction. He agreed with Locke that experience plays a crucial role in learning but argued that knowledge could not arise from what is taken in by the senses alone. Kant acknowledges the child as an active agent in their own development. He deems it unreasonable to assume that children are just passive receivers of external stimuli or silver screen followers of a pre-determined biological pattern. The precipitator of development becomes the continuous interaction between the two. Both nature and the environment are equally significant.Kant creates the framework for the transactional models of development which assume the child to be an active autonomous agent in their own development and attempt to explain this relationship of cause and effect that they have with their environment. This is the most popular start point for modern child development theories, such as social constructivist theories. The religiously dictated views of Hobbes and Romanticism motivated views of Rousseau are unconvincing to a modern audience. Their legacies are derivative of their child rearing advice and not their rigid perspectives. James and Prouts assertion that childhood is constructed and reconstructed is convincing bounteous to dispel these solely nativist theories. Lock es emphasis on education (although not to the extent he proposed) is echoed by todays politicians. It seems reasonable to assume that the real character of childhood is an interactive process between the two as proposed by Kant. . In the civilised world, the onus of social responsibility to our children has invariably been great and is growing. Underlining the socially constructed character of childhood has had a great influence on our attitudes therefore childhood has probably been viewed to a greater extent as a social and cultural process than it has been viewed as a natural process.

Process of natural and sexual selection

Process of indwelling and versed survivalExplain, with usages, how the process of natural selection and sexual selection are thought to pay contributed to modern- twenty-four hours behavior.Evolution The gradual process by which species develop from earlier forms (Clegg, 2007, p 107). For thousands of years lay large number have argued about how the world has evolved. For example, did it evolve from god or some other supernatural source? Evolution is a miraculous process and refers to the craft and develop workforcet of life on earth and establishes the formation of modern man. The cardinal major processes of evolution get out be explained in this essay natural selection and sexual selection. Furthermore, examining how and why these processes have contributed to modern- daytime human behaviour. In 1858, British naturalist Charles R. Darwin finished his theory of evolution, also known as Darwins theory. Darwins theory states that all told species evolved from either many or few common ancestors or descendants under circumstances of natural selection. A species is a population of organisms that reproduce and have offspring that have modifications from the species that lived before them. Natural selection is a process that is based on three assumptions. Firstly, organisms, physical and behavioural characteristics which enable survival (and the genes which encipher for these) are passed onto descendants (Clegg, 2007, p 121). Secondly, the modification is then acquired through the genes. Furthermore, thirdly the limitation of food for each species, competition is formed in which all livings beings must compete for the supply of food, water, space, and other resources. Individual plants and animals whose adaptations of suited best for a certain environment tend to have an usefulness in the competition for survival. Species with this advantage tend to leave a larger number of offspring than the less fortunate species. As a result, the species that is b est adapted to its environment increases from generation to generation. Organisms scramble for the necessities of life if there is competition for resources. The species that is best adapted to survive will succeed and others become extinct. The term fitness (Clegg, 2007, p 121)refers to certain characteristics being productive within their environment and being passed down to each generation, but the conditions for the reproduction must be correct. It is measured by reproductive success. Adaption is the result of the process of natural selection. Adaptions are the behaviours that have been acquired through evolutionary processes to ensure their survival in this generation and to every generation after them. Inherited characteristics of an organism also total through adaption. Individual human behaviour is genetically predisposed or influenced by environmental factors such as personal experiences and culture. Adaption has contributed to many modern day behaviours. For example, in western society humans, have pleasure in eating sweet and fatty foods (Clegg, 2007, p 123). These types of food are often high in calories and often undigested sugar turns to fat when not exercising. In the generations before the behaviour of modern society, these types of food would enable the fittest to survive. Hereditary traits cause some raft to behave and respond differently from one another. For example, and individual who has high temperament. This trait of being high tempered is very difficult to remove from a persons behaviour since this is already incorporated in the genes from conception. A person who has a high and fast learning ability could respond immediately to situations and instructions, hence attainment of the name and address is made easy. Baron-Cohen argued that, Theory of mind, is of central importance of modern human behaviour (as cited in Clegg, 2007, p 133). It involves the ability to understand the thoughts and intentions of others. Theory of mind is in nate, something that has evolved in humans. In children with autism, they lack theory of mind empirical investigations such as the Maxi test present this (Clegg, 2007, p 136). Autism is a quite recent discovery. It is argued that genetic mutations are responsible for this (Rudy, 2009) although mutations serve no purpose in evolution. However, if it were to be advantageous to modern day human behaviour and the evolution of mankind more cases will be discovered and autism will evolve. Sexual Selection is a theory proposed by Charles Darwin. Darwin felt natural selection alone was unable to explain the non-competitive adaptions, for example the tail of a peacock (Wikipedia, 2007).The mechanism attempts to explain that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by inherited behavioural and psychsical charecteristics. There are two contests known as intrasexual and intersexual selection. Intrasexual selection involves males passing on competitveness through there genes, for example la rge antlers. Wheras, intersexual selection involves either sex choosing a partner that has a inherited charactersitc for example intelligence. The beard of the modern day male is a result of sexual selection. Other differences in the modern day man include different races. Sexual selection would account for thease because natural selection could not account for this (Wikipedia, 2007). enate investmet is a term that was originated by Trivers (Clegg, 2007). It actor that the male or female that invests the most in their offspring to ensure their survival. Trivers argued that the sex that invests the most in their offspring will be more discriminating when choosing their partner. Males tend to be with many females where as females look for quality when choosing a partner. Buss argues that this theory has contributed to modern day behaviour today. For exmple, women who prefer rich men and have a good job and career can provide excellent investment for their offspring. On the other ha nd men prefer good-looking young women who are the best investment for their offspring (Dubuc, 2007). The brain, is an important factor in sexual slection. The kindly brain hypothesis argues that in order to figure difficualt social problems the brain gets big (Clegg, 2007). The modern day human brain is bigger than that of the prehistoric ape, 3 times bigger, suggesting that there are advantages to having a bigger brain (Clegg, 2007). Evolutionary adaption suggests that humans have evolved the way they have and, humans brains have evolved to be bigger than their ancestors because of the need to deal with more complex social situations and complex societies. In conclusion, natural selection tends to focus on the degree of adaption and mutation for survival. Whereas sexual selection is more concerned with the mate choice and how sexually desired traits have in fact speeded up the process of how humans have evolved. Both processes have contributed to modern day behaviour and both processes prove Darwins phrase that only the fittest survive. ReferencesClegg, H. (2007). Evolutionary Psychology. In D. Miell, A. Pheonix, K. Thomas (Eds.), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed., pp.105-166). Milton Keynes The Open University.Dubuc, B. (2002) Tool Module Sexual Selection and the Theory of Parental Investment Retrieved November 1st 2009 fromhttp//thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_bleu11.htmlRudy, L. J. (2009). Genetic autism and spontaneous mutation. Retrieved November 8th 2009 from http//autism.about.com/od/causesofautism/a/newmutations.htmWikipedia (2007) Sexual Selection. Retrieved November 1st 2009 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection

Sucrose Synthase Key Enzyme In Sucrose Metabolism Biology Essay

saccharose Synthase Key Enzyme In sucrose Metabolism Biology EssaySucrose synthase is a key enzyme in saccharose metabolism. Sucrose metabolism is required by the sic to form carbon required for various processes in the plant such as respiration, starch and carrel bulwark formation. The enzyme is encoded by a midget multi ingredient family where most plants have at least two isoforms of the enzyme. The kinetics of saccharose synthase portray that different Km determine and ratios of saccharose breakdown exist for the enzyme. The orders of extracting, assaying and purifying the enzyme be shown in the enzyme characteristics. Factors such as pH, addition of different soften storages, metal ions, fungal volatiles as well as environmental factors such as anoxia have all been shown to affect saccharose synthase action at law. The enzymes protein sequences have been phylogenetically divided up into six chief(prenominal) groups development clustalw. Sucrose synthase is normally present in the cytoplasm only when the availability of sucrose in the chloroplast and its ability to use ADP as a substrate would usher that the enzyme may be qualified to act in the chloroplast as well as the cytoplasm.Sucrose synthase is an important enzyme in sucrose metabolism in plants cells. (Persia et al., 2008) The main route of entry of carbon from sucrose is comm scarce known to be sucrose synthase. (Bieniawska et al., 2007) This carbon is used for respiration and in the entailment of cell wall polymers and starch. (Persia et al., 2008) The main form of reduced carbon in plants is sucrose. It is used to support growth and synthesis of reserve materials e.g. starch in heterotrophic sink tissues. (Matic et al., 2004) The UDP-glucose supplied by sucrose synthase is used for cell wall biosynthesis while melting with the cellulose synthase complex. (Baud, Vaultier and Rochat, 2004) In most harvest-time tissues, an increase in sucrose synthase bodily function is alongside with sucrose accruement. This would suggest that sucrose synthase plays a physiologically important region. (Islam, Matsui and Yoshida, 1996) Carbohyd rank are transported from photosynthetic source tissues to sink tissues in the form of sucrose. The consequent sectionalization of sucrose in the sink tissues is the first step for its use in various metabolous pathways. The scribble is cleaved in vivo by either sucrose synthase (Sus) or by invertase. Invertase catalyses an irreversible reply where sucrose is cleaved into glucose and fructose (Matic et al., 2004) while sucrose synthase catalyses the reversible conversion of sucrose and uridine-diphosphate (UDP) into uridine-diphosphoglucose and fructose. (Hirose, Scofield and Terao, 2008) (Hardin and Huber, 2004) These enzymes play a crucial role in plant growth and development. (Abid et al., 2009) Sucrose Synthase is cytosolic (ebkov et al., 1995) and has been characterized in many different plant species such as m aize (Hardin and Huber, 2004), rice (Odegard, Liu and Lumen, 1996) and sugar croupe (Schfer, Rohwer and Botha (2005)). Its use has been studied in many plant organs such as roots, leaves and seeds. (ebkov et al., 1995)For trees, cellulose biosynthesis is a highly regulated process in which carbon is permanently placed in their primary and secondary cell walls. Sucrose is the main carbon source for cellulose synthesis. The stem is do up of extremely active sink cells which utilise sucrose for cellulose synthesis. Sucrose synthase is the main sucrolytic enzyme in these cells that catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose into fructose and UDP-glucose which is needed for cellulose biosynthesis. (Joshi, Bhandari and Ranjan, 2004) It alike plays an important role providing adequate sugar supply during anoxic stress. It has been shown that during anoxic germination of rice, sucrose synthase activity was enhanced whereas the activity of invertase was depressed. This would indicate that sucrose synthase is the enzyme predominantly responsible for sucrose breakdown during anoxia. (Joshi, Bhandari and Ranjan, 2004)Fig 1 Diagram of the sectionalisation and synthesis reaction of sucrose synthase (Rmer et al., 2004)Different isoforms of the gene are present in most plants. In the case of maize, two non-allelic genes were detect for sucrose synthase but more investigation lead to the discovery of a third. At least three genes for sucrose synthase have been discovered in rice where the genes show differences in expression between tissues. RSus1 is expressed in root phloem while RSus2 is expressed in leaf phloem. (Schfer, Rohwer and Botha, 2005) When examining the different isoforms at an amino acid level it is appears that there is less homology between different sucrose synthase genes in a species than when the gene is compared to its corresponding gene in an early(a) species. In the case of maize, there is 75% homology between the SS1 gene and SS2 gene of maize but there is 90% homology between rice RSus1 and maize SS2 genes. In sugarcane, the SS1 gene is 97% like at the amino acid level to maize SS1 gene. (Lingle and Dyer, 2001)Nolte and Koch (1993) undertook a study to determine whether sucrose synthase was localized to certain part of the vascular strand. It is well known that sucrose synthase is present in vascular bundles for example in transgenic tobacco plant plants phloem specific expression of a maize sucrose synthase gene has been observed. Their study, using immunohistochemistry, found that sucrose synthase was restricted to the cytoplasm of companion cells of the phloem and did not appear to be present in other organelles of the plant. (Nolte and Koch, 1993)The molecular(a) mass of sucrose synthase can be determined by mousse filtration. Sucrose synthase elutes from the tug with a Kav value of 0.17844 which when using a calibration slip correlates to a molecular mass of 362kDa. Using SDS-PAGE gradient gel the molecular mas s of each subunit can be estimated at 92kDa. This can conclude that sucrose synthase is a tetrameric enzyme with a molecular mass of 360kDa and quaternion identical subunits of 90kDa. (Hardin and Huber, 2004) (Elling and Kula, 1993) It can associate with membranes and the actin cytoskeleton where its activity is known to be involved with cellulose synthesis. It does this by channelling uridine-diphosglucose to the ontogeny glucan chain by the enzyme cellulose synthase. (Hardin and Huber, 2004)Analysis of Sucrose Synthase Gene FamilyFrom the results of species run acrossd to date, it is shown that sucrose synthase is encoded by a small multigene family. (Bieniawska et al, 2007) Most species of plants have at least two isoforms of sucrose synthase. These isoforms usually have comparable biochemical properties and highly homologous amino acid sequences. (Wen et al., 2010) Further digest of transgenic and mutant crop plants show certain isoforms of sucrose synthase have specific fun ctions in the plant. The rug4 mutation of pea removes the SUS1 isoform but has no effect on SUS2 or SUS3. This would indicate that these two isoforms are not able to make up for the loss of SUS1 in the seed or root nodule. It is clean-cut that the loss of different isoforms affect the plant in certain ways. termination of the SH1 isoform in maize has different outcomes from the loss of SUS1 isoform. SH1 is required for normal cell wall formation during endosperm development while both isoforms are needed for wild-type rates of starch synthesis. Why different isoforms have different functions is unclear. The same functions can be carried out in the cell by different isoforms but can occur in distinct cell types, developmental periods or environmental conditions. It is likely that different isoforms could have non-overlapping, particular functions in the same cell. (Bieniawska et al., 2007)It is difficult to finalise on the precise roles of the genes in sucrose synthase gene family when there is not enough information in existence. Although there is whatever information available on some of the isoforms and theyre functions in the plant, no analysis of the functions of the gene family has been carried out. The model plant genus Arabidopsis is ideal for carrying out such an analysis. Six sucrose synthase genes are in the Arabidopsis genome. Based on comparisons of the amino acid sequences the isoforms they encode can be divided into three distinct play off groups. The isoforms SUS1 and SUS4 are 89% identical to each other but have less than 68% similar amino acid sequences to other isoforms. Similarly, SUS2 and SUS3 are 74% identical to other isoforms and are 67% less identical to the other forms of enzyme. SUS5 and SUS6 are 585 identical to each other but have less 48% similarity to the other isoforms. When examining other dicotyledonous species it appears that at least two of the three pairs of isoforms are present. When phylogenetic analysis was carried o ut, it showed that the isoforms AtSUS1 and AtSUS4 are related to pairs of isoforms from pea (Fabacae), carrot (Umbelliferae) and potato (Solanacae). A pair of isoforms from Craterostigma plantagineum (Scrophulariacae) is closely related to the pair of isoforms AtSUS2 and AtSUS3 in the Arabidopsis. The pair AtSUS5 and AtSUS6 is related strongly to a pair of genes from rice. This evidence shows that it is unlikely that the three pairs of isoforms in Arabidopsis are as a result of gene duplication events. It is possible that each isoform has an exact function preserved in a wide range of plants. The members of Arabidopsis gene family are strongly differentially expressed in different organs of the plant through its development and in response to external stimuli e.g. environmental stress. This is seen in gene families of other plants studied. (Bieniawska et al., 2007)Fruit quality is determined by the type and quality of sugars present. A study of the sucrose synthase-encoding gene fro m the muskmelon fruit was carried out to evaluate how to genetically improve the quality of the fruit. This is d 1 by surfaceing the sugar components in fruit, to identify the enzymes involved in sugar metabolism and distinguish the relationship between sugar accumulation and the activities of related enzymes. It is thought that sucrose synthase is the enzyme involved in metabolising sucrose in developing muskmelon fruit. To examine this, a full length cDNA strand encoding sucrose synthase was extracted from a muskmelon fruit by RT-PCR and RACE and identified as CmSS1. palpable time PCR analysis showed that CmSS1 expression changed in among different tissues of the plant e.g. root, stem, leaf. It showed that the mRNA levels are highest in the root and lowest in jump on fruit.Fig 2 The patterns of CmSS1 transcript abundance in the different tissues of the muskmelon plant. These results were found using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of enumerate RNA prepared from the root, s tem, leaf, flower and mature fruit of muskmelon.During fruit development and ripening it was shown that CmSS1 mRNA was at its maximum level at five days after pollination and decreased steadily during fruit development until it reached its minimum level of maturity. This was discovered using again real-time RT-PCR analysis of mesocarp tissues from five days of pollination to ripening.Fig 3 This graphical record depicts the patterns of CmSS1 transcript abundance in developing muskmelon fruits found by using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of total RNA prepared from muskmelon. (Wen et al., 2010)The sugar content and SS activity were analysed to show the functions of CmSS1 in regulating fruit quality. It showed that very low concentrations of sucrose are present in young and unripe muskmelons. amid 20 and 30 days after pollination there is a massive rise in the amount of sucrose in the fruit. Sucrose synthase activity increased in the direction of sucrose synthesis and decreased in the direction of sucrose cleavage through fruit development. (Wen et al., 2010)Fig 4 The motion picture of sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity during muskmelon fruit development. The first chart shows sucrose content during fruit development. The second shows sucrose activity in the sucrose synthesis direction and the third shows sucrose cleavage direction during muskmelon fruit development. (Wen et al., 2010)Enzyme Kinetics of Sucrose SynthaseAn investigation was carried out by Schfer et al. to the find the properties of three sucrose synthase isoforms present in sugarcane. Kinetic analysis indicated that the three sucrose synthase genes in sugarcane are different isoforms, with major differences in Km values and the ratios of sucrose breakdown synthesis. The kinetic characteristics of the SuSyA and SuSyB isoforms, both expressed in the leaf roll, differ greatly. It was found that SuSyA has almost three times higher relation for sucrose than the SuSyB isoform whereas SuSyB has a much greater affinity for UDP than SuSyA. Based on the differences in their kinetic properties it can be concluded that SuSyB and SuSyC are different isoforms of sucrose synthase. SuSyC has roughly ten times higher affinity for UDP compared to the other two isoforms. (Schfer et al., 2005)Fig 5 The graph shows the Lineweaver-Burk plot of 1/v against 1/S for the isoforms SuSys A, B and c where UDP was the variable substrate. The concentration of sucrose was kept constant at 320nM. The Km values were determined from the non-linear fit of the information to the Michaelis-Menten equation. (Schfer et al., 2005)When examining sucrose synthase in soybean nodules Morell and Copeland (1985) found the kinetic constants of UDP, UDPglucose, sucrose and fructose by fitting the data to the following two equations1. v = VA/KiaKh + KhA + KhB + AB 2. v = VA/Ka + A + A/KiThe kinetic constants for ADP, CDP and ADPglucose were found using non linear regression analysis of initial velocity data.Fig 6 Graph showing the effect of sucrose concentration on the cleavage activity of sucrose synthase in soybean nodule. The lines show the fit of data to equation 1. The reaction mixture were composed of 20mol Hepes-KOH buffer (pH 7.5) 2mol UDP, 1.5mol NAD, 25g UDPglucose dehydrogenase. Each symbol represents a different concentration of sucrose. The dark circle shows 3.2M, the clear circle shows 4M, the dark triangle shows 6.25M, 10M is shown by the clear triangle and the dark square depicts 20M.In the cleavage and synthesis direction boothard Michaelis-Menten kinetics are observed. The variation of concentration of sucrose at different concentrations of UDP gave an intersecting pattern of linear double reciprocal plots. (Morrell and Copeland, 1985)parameterValueV (U/mg protein)13.32.0Km sucrose (mM)31.37.1Ki sucrose (mM)31.913.1Km UDP (mM)0.0050.002Ki UDP (mM)0.0050.001Fig 7 Table showing the kinetic parameters for the cleavage reaction of sucrose synthase in soybean nodules . (Morrell and Copeland, 1985)Fig 8 The graph depicting the effect of UDPglucose concentration on the synthesis reaction of sucrose synthase activity in soybean nodules. The reaction mixtures contained 20mol Hepes-KOH buffer, 15 mol fructose, 5mol MgCl2, 0.4 mol P-enolpyruvate, 0.15 mol NADH, 20mol KCl, 25g pyruvate kinase 25g lactate dehydrogenase and the required amount of enzyme. As in the previous graph, the amount of UDPglucose was varied in the presence of 2.5mM (dark circle), 3.2mM (clear circle), 4mM (dark triangle), 5mM (clear triangle) and 8mM (dark square) fructose. The results on the graph are representing the fit of data to equation 1.When the concentration of UDPglucose was varied at the concentrations of fructose in the graph, an intersecting pattern of linear double reciprocal plots was seen. From fitting the data from the graph to equation 1, it is noted that substrate inhibition would have occurred at a concentration greater than 15mM fructose.ParameterValueV (U/mg protein)14.31.2Km fructose (mM)3.70.8Ki fructose (mM)19.69.9Km UDPglucose (mM)0.0120.006Ki UDPglucose (mM)0.0640.014Fig 9 table showing the kinetic results by fitting the figures from the graph to equation 1.When partly purified SuSyA, SuSyB and SuSyC were blotted to a nitrocellulose filter the results showed that all three isoforms are approximately 94kDa. (Schfer et al., 2005) The would correlate to the findings of Hardin et al and Lothar et al who stated that sucrose synthase is tetrameric enzyme made up of four 90kDa subunits.Fig 10 Immunoblot of sugarcane SuSy. A raw extract of protein from leaf roll was loaded into pass 2 while partially purified isoforms of SuSyA, SuSyB and SuSyC were loaded to lane 3, 4 and 5. The molecular weight ladder was used to identify the bands see in each lane. (Schfer et al., 2005)Characteristics of Sucrose SynthaseExtraction of ProteinThe method for extracting protein from the leaves of maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa) and tobacco was done as follows 1-3g of leaves was ground in liquid nitrogen and the powder was mixed in the ratio 12 with extraction buffer. The buffer was made up of 0.1M tris-HCl, pH 8, 10mM DTT and 1% polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The samples were past incubated on ice for 15 proceeding and and so centrifuged at 1,000g for 10 minutes at 4oC. The pellet was then removed and the supernatant was re centrifuged at 100,000g for one hour at 4oC. After this final centrifugation, the pellet and supernatant which contained the soluble proteins was resuspended in sample buffer for electrophoresis. (Persia et al., 2008) When extracting protein from rice seeds, a similar procedure is followed. Seeds weighing roughly 50-100mg at various stages of growth were homogenized in 400l of extraction buffer and kept at 4oC. The buffer was made up of 50mM Tris-HCl, pH7.5, 1.0mM DTT, 1.0mM EDTA and 2mM PMSF. Ammonium sulphate fractions (30-50% w/v) were precipitated and then resuspended in dialysis buffer made up of 50mM T ris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5mM MgSO4, 5mM 2-mercaptoethanol. This was then dialyzed overnight at 4oC. (Odegard, Liu and De Lumen., 1996) The method for extracting protein from tobacco pollen tubes is slightly different to those mentioned previously. The pollen first was slowly thawed from storage at -20oC and hydrated in a humid chamber overnight. It was then germinated in BK medium and allowed to germinate at 25oC for three hours. After this period had elapsed, the pollen was collected by centrifugation at 1,000g for 5 minutes at 25oC. It was then swear out twice with BRB25 buffer which is made up of 25mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 2mM EGTA and 2mM MgCl2 and 15% Suc. After washing, the pollen was resuspended in lysis buffer and lysed on ice using a motor-driven Potter-Elvehk-jem homogenizer. The lysis buffer used was made up of BRB25 buffer along with 2mM dithiothreitol, 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10L/mL protease inhibitors, 1mM NaN3 and 10% mannitol. After lysis was carried out, the sam ples were centrifuged at 1,000g for 10 minutes at 4oC. The supernatant was centrifuged again at 4oC for 45 minutes at 100,000g over a 20% (w/v) Suc cushion. The supernatant was then collected as it contained the soluble protein fraction. (Persia et al., 2008)Enzyme AssaysAfter extracting protein, the sucrose synthase activity in sugarbeets was found using a spectrophotometric end point assay. The activity of the enzyme was monitored as fructose formed at 35oC. This was carried out in a solution that contained 250mM sucrose, 2mM UDP and 100mM MES. The control was carried out by assaying for activity in the absence of UDP. The total protein concentration was determined using the Bradford method where bovine serum albumin was the standard. (Klotz and Haagenson., 2008) When assaying for protein from rice, the Bradford method was followed to determine protein concentration as was done in Klotz et al. 40mg of protein was used per assay. The assay was carried out in 20mM MES pH 6.4, 200mM sucrose and 4mM UDP for 15 minutes at 30oC. The reaction was stopped by boiling for 2 minutes and the fructose levels were measured. The control tubes did not contain UDP. (Odegard, Liu and De Lumen., 1996) When examining the effect of sucrose synthase on carbon partitioning a similar method was followed for assaying the protein. Sucrose synthase was assayed in the direction of sucrose breakdown using 50l poplar tree plant extract. The tetrazolium blue assay was followed to determine the amount of free fructose. As in previously mentioned assays, the absence of UDP in the assay acted as a control. The total protein content was found by employing the Bradford (Bio-Rad) protein assay. (Coleman, Yan and Mansfield., 2009) A similar method was followed for carrying out an assay for the enzyme on tomato tissue. The reaction mixtures contained 50mM Hepes-NaOH buffer, 15mM MgCl2, 25mM fructose and 25mM UDP glucose. This was incubated at 37oC for 30 minutes and was terminated with the additi on of 70l of 30% KOH. The enzyme blanks were terminated with the addition of KOH at 0 minutes. The tubes were then kept at 100oC for 10 minutes to demean any fructose. The soluble protein content was determined using the Lowry method whereby bovine serum albumin was the standard. (Islam, Matsui and Yoshida., 1996) Alkaline copper solution is added to each tube and allowed to stand at room temperature for roughly 30 minutes. Dilute folate reagent is then added to each tube rapidly and after 30 minutes the absorbance is read at 750nm. (Lowry et al., 1951) The results were measured as mole of sucrose per minute per mg protein. (Islam et al., 1996) When assaying for sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction Rmer et al used recombinant SuSy1 gene from potato. In a volume of 100l HEPES buffer with a concentration of 200mM and pH 7.6 recombinant sucrose synthase was incubated along with 2mM UDP and 500mM sucrose for ten minutes at 30oC. HPLC analysis was used for the formulation of UDP-g lucose. The Bradford assay was used to determine protein concentrations as was carried out by Klotz et al and Coleman et al. The activity of the enzyme was also tested with the nucleoside diphosphates dTDP, CDP, ADP and GDP at 2mM. For assaying recombinant enzyme in the synthesis direction a similar method was followed as when assaying for standard enzyme. Recombinant sucrose synthase was incubated in a total volume of 100l HEPES buffer where this time the pH was 8.0 and the concentration was as in cleavage direction of 200mM. 1mM UDP-Glc and 20mM D-fructose was also added to the mixture and it was incubated for five minutes at 30oC. The reaction was change to 95oC for five minutes and HPLC analysis was used to establish the formation of UDP. The sucrose synthase activity was also tested using dTDP-Glc, CDP-Glc and ADP-Glc. (Rmer et al., 2004)Purification of ProteinAfter extraction of the protein from the crude extract, purification can be carried out. This can be done in a number of ways such as Batch adsorption with Sephadex A50, Anion transfer chromatography and Gelfiltration. SDS-PAGE can be carried out after purification to check the pureness of the protein sample. The Sephadex A50 gel is loaded into a glass funnel and washed twice with deionised water. The gel was then washed twice with 300ml standard buffer. The protein sample was loaded to the gel and slowly sucked through the gel for 30 minutes. The gel bed was then washed with 300ml standard buffer and then with 300ml standard buffer containing 100mM KCl. The last washing step contained 300mM KCl. 200ml of the first salt preparation was concentrated to 40-50ml by using a cross-flow ultrafiltration module with YM 30 ultrafiltration membrane that had been pretreated with 55 PEG 4000 solution. This was done to prevent the enzyme sticking to the membrane. In anion exchange chromatography a Sepharose Q column was first equilibrated with 300ml Hepes buffer. This was made up of 200mM pH 8 with 50mM KCl. 70-80mg of protein sample was loaded and the elution was started using two different salt gradients. To prevent enzyme inactivation after elution all the fractions were titrated back to pH 7.2. both fractions that contained enzyme activity were pooled and concentrated by using ultrafiltration. Gelfiltration experiments are carried out on a prepacked HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 prep grade column that was connected to FPLC equipment. Four samples containing 2mg of protein were loaded and eluted with a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. The fractions were then pooled and stored at -20oC in 500l aliquots. (Elling and Kula., 1993) To determine the purity of the protein, SDS-PAGE is carried out. This is done by loading 100g of protein samples to a 125 SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel that was overlaid with stacking gel. The electrophoresis was carried out at 4oC and at 40V for 16 hours and followed by 200V for one hour. Coomassie blue R 250 was used to stain the gel followed by destaining. (Kumutha et al ., 2008)Factors that affect Sucrose Synthase Activityebkov et al (1995) stated that sucrose synthase has two different pHs for optimum activity. In the cleavage direction it was found that most enzyme activity was observed between pH 6.0 and 8.5 at temperatures between 50 to 55oC. In the synthesis direction, a pH between 8.5 to 9.5 and a temperature of 35oC was optimal for enzyme activity. (ebkov et al., 1995) This would correlate with the findings of Morell and Copeland (1985) who found that optimal activity of the enzyme in soybean was at pH 6 in the cleavage direction and at a pH of 9.5, sucrose synthase activity in the synthesis direction was at its highest. It was also found that at a pH of 7.5 the cleavage and synthesis activities were their highest. (Morrell and Copeland., 1985) Elling and Kula (1995) examined the effect of buffers TES-NaOH, MOPS-NaOH, TEA-NaOH and Tris-HCl on the pH optimum of sucrose synthase activity. These were determined using UDP and TDP as substrates f or the reaction. They found that the enzyme had its highest activity in Hepes-NaOH buffer. When MOPS-NaOH and TES-NaOH buffer was used, only 60-80% activity was noted. (Elling and Kula 1995) It was also found that the velocity of the reaction could be increased by increasing the temperature where optimal activity was seen between 50 and 60oC. Xu at al (1989) reported that potato and bean are also able to withstand these high temperatures. However once the temperature goes above 60oC enzyme activity starts to decreased rapidly and was sunk once the temperature reached 70oC. (Xu et al., 1989) The cleavage of sucrose by the sucrose synthase enzyme was investigated to find the rate of cleavage reaction using different nucleosidediphosphates as cosubstrates. They found that the rate of reaction was UDPTDPADPCDPGDP. Echt and Chourey (1985) found similar results when examining nucleotide specificity. They found that substrate specificity for SS1 and SS2 were UDPTDPADPCDPUTP where each sub strate was at a concentration of 4mM. (Echt and Chourey 1985) Low levels of heavy metal ions such as mercurate inhibited cleavage activity of the enzyme. This would lead to the assumption that sulfhydryl groups are involved in the catalytic process. It is also inhibited by Tris-HCl and by small concentrations of MgCl2 and MnCl2. (ebkov et al., 1995) Cations were shown by Elling and Kula (1995) to have a slight influence on enzyme activity. The activity was lessened slightly (10%) by the presence of 1mM Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions with UDP. The enzyme is completely inactivated in the presence of 1mM Cu2+ or Fe2+. (Elling and Kula., 1993)A recent study was undertaken to examine the effects of volatile emissions on carbohydrate metabolism. Studies on this area have taken place before but it is usually examining the results of physical contact between the host plant and the microbe. No work has taken place until now on the effect on the plant in the absence of physical contact. Many microbes suc h as Pseudomonas spp, Strepomyces spp, Penicillin spp and a selection of truffles produce ethylene. This gaseous plant hormone plays an important role in many aspects of plant growth and development such as seed germination, root hair initiation, fruit ripening and starch accumulation. In the work of Ezquer et al (2010), the possible effects of volatiles released from gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi on starch metabolism was studied. The results showed that the volatile compounds released by microbes promoted high levels of starch accumulation in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. It also revealed fungal volatiles (FVs) promoted massive changes in expression of genes involved in many important processes in plant such as metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, sulphur and lipids, energy production, protein translation and stability, cell wall biosynthesis and photosynthesis. However no changes were noted in the expression in some of the genes that coded for pr oteins involved in starch and sucrose metabolism such as plastidial hexokinase, plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase, plastidial adenylate kinase, alkaline invertase and UDPglucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase.It was found in the study that FVs strongly upregulate the expression of Sucrose Synthase in potato leaves. The plants were cultured in the presence and absence of FVs emitted by A. Alternata. This caused a massive enhancement of expression of Sus4 isoform. A 29.4- and 31.63-fold increase was observed in expression when the plants were cultured in the presence and absence of sucrose. This isoform of the enzyme controls the accumulation of ADPG, UDPG and starch in potato source leaves and tubers. Analyses of the intracellular amounts of starch and nucleotide-sugars in the leaves of the plant show a positive correlation between patterns of enzyme activity and starch, UDPG and ADPG amounts. This was noted when the leaves were cultured in the presence and absence of FVs. Western blot a nalyses and quantitative RT-PCR confirmed also the increase in expression. (Xu et al., 1989)Environmental Factors affecting Sucrose Synthase ActivityAnoxiaWaterlogging is where oxygen supply is blocked to root leading a severe decrease in the amount of oxygen available to the plant. This leads to inhibition of root respiration that causes a major decline in energy of root cells affecting vital metabolic processes of the plant. This is restriction of oxygen supply is known as anoxia. The presence of glucose in an anoxic incubation medium drastically decreases meristem death and studies have shown that sucrose synthase is the enzyme generally responsible for sucrose breakdown under anoxia. (Kumutha et al., 2008) The increase in glycolytic demands caused by these demands is the cause of increased sucrose synthase expression. This has been demonstrated in many plant species e.g. sucrose synthase gene is induced in wheat and in rice when oxygen levels are low. (Ricard et al., 1998) Hara da et al (2005) also found an increase in sucrose synthase activity in pondweed turins while under anoxia. (Harada et al., 2005) Klotz and Haagenson (2008) found that sugarbeet contained two genes for sucrose synthase activity-SBSS1 and SBSS2. They demonstrated that anaerobic conditions caused a large increase in the transcription levels of SBSS1 and a quick increase and succeeding decline in SBSS2 transcription levels. However this did not correlate with a significant increase in sucrose synthase enzyme activity. A 23% increase in sucrose synthase activity was noted after initiation of anaerobic conditions but otherwise the activity of the enzyme did not differ greatly to that of the controls. (Klotz and Haagenson., 2008)Fig 11 The graph outlines the different rates of sucrose synthase activity in the con

Its Time to Decriminalize Marijuana :: Marijuana Drugs Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Its Time to De unlawfulize MarijuanaCurrently, drugs remain high on the lists of concerns of Americans and are considered one of the major problems facing our sphere today. We see stories on the news about people being killed on the street every day over drugs. To many people drugs are only when an inner-city problem, further in reality they affect all of us - users and non-users. I believe that the negative affects we associate with drugs would be greatly reduced if the United States select a policy towards the total decriminalization of marijuana. The current drug policy of our government is obviously failing. dose laws have created corruption, violence, increased street crime, and disrespect for the criminal justice system. Current drug legislation has failed to reduce demand. Its just too hard to monitor illegal substances when a significant portion of the population is pull to using drugs. (Inciardi and McBride 260) Marijuana comes from the hemp plant, which can readily be grown on fields across the nation and was cultivated heavily in colonial period. After 130 years of being legal, the potential problems of marijuana were brought into the public eye by Harry J. Anslingler, the commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and author of Marijuana bravo of Youth (Goldman 88). In his book, Anslinger portrayed images of Mexican and Negro criminals, as well as young boys, who became killers while under the influence of marijuana. With the added public pressure, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt write into law the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. This law made the use and dale of marijuana federal offenses. At this point marijuana was removed from the public eye, and well-grounded users included poor Negroes, migrant Mexicans, and Jazz Musicians (Himmelstein 3).Marijuana reappeared in the mid 1960s with the emergence of the Hippie. Widespread objection to the use of marijuana remained because of the set of valued and lifestyles associated with it, but u se appeared in colleges and among middle-class youths in the suburbs (Himmelstein 103). Marijuana became a symbol of a counter-culture, and youthful rebellion. As a consequence, marijuana use rose for the near ten years. Marijuana was becoming more accepted across the nation. As the users of Marijuana changed, the attitudes about the danger of Marijuana broke down. In 1970, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act reduced the classification of simple possession and non-profit distribution from felonies to misdemeanors (Himmelstein 104).

Educatio During The Victorian :: essays research papers

Education During the capital of Seychellesn PeriodEducation during the Victorian Period progressed due to several acts and codes all over the years. Voluntary schools, which the Church provided, were founded by the Anglican National Society after the grant of 1833 was proposed. The grant went to religious bodies, which were used to build schools. It was the first acceptance by the government to provide the poor with an education. The grant increased to 30,000 pounds in 1839 and then to 100,000 pounds in 1846. These voluntary schools were paid for by private subscription and were spread out over the country. Gladstones Bill of 1870 was the work of W.E. Forster, who was an ardent churchman of Quaker origin. The bill doubled the State Grant to church schools and to Roman Catholic schools so they could become a permanent part of the new educational system. There were seven elite boarding schools that were defined as Public Schools in the 1860s by the educational Clarendon commission. They were Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury. They were maintained by private funding and received no profits. The Code of 1890 made it possible to maintain evening continuation schools, which we echo are night schools. The new schools were known as Board Schools and they were paid for by local rates, or by the local school boards. Church command continued in all national schools. Before this, all the churches had to provide the education. The Roman Catholics and the Anglicans wouldnt let their children go to these schools, though. They felt that these schools did not adequately tutor their religious ideas. Board schools were introduced and the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans agreed that these schools satisfied all their educational needs. The acts of 1876 and 1880 made attendance in schools necessary. During the first few years of Queen Victorias reign, 30-50% of the children went to school. The most common schools were Sunday schools. T hey went there if they werent working and while there they learned how to read the Bible. Its primary function was to fit muckle for their place in the social order. From 1870-1890 the average school attendance rose from 1.25 million to 4.5 million and the money spent on each child was doubled. afterward the New County Council was established, an effective step towards a system of secondary education was taken Only 8% of male children received any secondary education.

Lady Of Shallot by Alfred Lord Tennyson :: essays research papers

Lady Of ShallotThe Lady of Shallot is an interesting poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson. In this poem he tells a story of sadness and disappointment. This story is showing how a person crushed his life somehow. My gauge would be he had his heart and soul broken and felt trapped in depression. In the beginning he talks about the scenery and how beautiful it is exactly he send awayt get out to go where everything is ok in Camelot. He sees people enjoying their lives and longs to join them outside in the freedom of the world. He realizes he is trapped in the castle just like a prisoner. He feels as if nobody can see or hear him.Later, he sees all the great things Camelot has to contribute him only when is reminded that if he goes a curse will fall upon him. He watches the whole world pass him by scarce he is scared by just the threat of the curse so he stays. He realizes just how alone he is wishing he had a lover to be with, person to keep him company. He sees a new couple deeply in love and he watches wishing someone would go along.In the next stanzas he meets someone and is completely stunned by her beauty and charm she is perfect in his eyes. Everything she does is right to him the way she walks and talks and presents herself, but she doesnt even have a go at it he is alive. He decides he cant take not being with her so he leaves the castle to go find his love he knows the curse has got him but he would rather live for just one more day in love and with desire then 100 years of sadness, regret and despair. He goes out looking for her but cant find her then the cures begins to take him and he starts to asphyxiate before he can ever tell her how he feels but he would still prefer to die like this than in the prison of a castle.Lady Of Shallot by Alfred Lord Tennyson essays research papers Lady Of ShallotThe Lady of Shallot is an interesting poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson. In this poem he tells a story of sadness and disappointment. This story is showing how a person crushed his life somehow. My guess would be he had his heart broken and felt trapped in depression. In the beginning he talks about the scenery and how beautiful it is but he cant get out to go where everything is ok in Camelot. He sees people enjoying their lives and longs to join them outside in the freedom of the world. He realizes he is trapped in the castle just like a prisoner. He feels as if nobody can see or hear him.Later, he sees all the great things Camelot has to offer him but is reminded that if he goes a curse will fall upon him. He watches the whole world pass him by but he is scared by just the threat of the curse so he stays. He realizes just how alone he is wishing he had a lover to be with, someone to keep him company. He sees a new couple deeply in love and he watches wishing someone would come along.In the next stanzas he meets someone and is completely stunned by her beauty and charm she is perfect in his eyes. Everything she does is right to him the way she walks and talks and presents herself, but she doesnt even know he is alive. He decides he cant take not being with her so he leaves the castle to go find his love he knows the curse has got him but he would rather live for just one more day in love and with hope then 100 years of sadness, regret and despair. He goes out looking for her but cant find her then the cures begins to take him and he starts to die before he can ever tell her how he feels but he would still prefer to die like this than in the prison of a castle.

The Crystal Palace Essay -- essays papers

The Crystal PalaceDuring the 1800s Great Britains imperium stretched around the world, and with raw materials easily available to them this way, they inevitably began refining and manufacturing all stages of many new machines and other goods, distributing locally and globally. However, despite being the central shop class of the world, Britain was not producing the highest quality of merchandise. When comparing factory-made products made in England to surrounding countries, most notably France, those products could not compare as far as foxiness and sometimes, simply innovation. It was suggested by Prince Albert that England host a sort of free-for-all technological exposition to bring in outside crafts into the country and also show their theme pride. These planners supported free trade, thinking that if local business was exposed to foreign-made goods, they could incorporate those new ideas into their own goods, increasing their worth. Though originally intending to invite only dwell countries to this exposition, the plan soon escalated to include the global environment. As organization and sponsorship was planned out, the matter of where to host such a large and ongoing event arose. Ideally, it was to engage place in London, to sort of show off the best of the country and impress in-coming visitors. The problem was that London was already built up and filled in, and smaller open space remained for the needed time period. It was decided soon that a portio...